I)The different Treaties
a)Treaty wich etablished the European Coal and Steel Community(E.C.S.C)(1951)
Signed in Paris on April 18th, 1951, this treaty etablished The European Coal and Steel Community(E.C.S.C)  had the modest aim of centralised control of the previously national coal and steel industries of its member states, was declared to be "a first step in the federation of Europe". The founding members of the Community were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany.

b)Treaty of Rome(1957)
Two additional communities were created in 1957: the European Economic Community (EEC) establishing a customs union and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for cooperation in developing nuclear energy.

c)Merger Treaty(1965)

The Merger Treaty (also called Brussels Treaty) was Signed in Brussels on 8 April 1965. This Treaty combined rhe executive bodies of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), European Atomic Energy Community( Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC) into a single institutional structure. This Treaty is regarded by some as the real begining of the modern European Union. 

d)The singular European Act (SEA)(1986)

The goal of this treaty was to remove remaining barriers between countries, increase harmonization, increasing the competitiveness of European countries. It reformed the operating procedures of the institutions (which then had 12 members, rather than 6 as initially) and Qualified Majority Voting was extended to new areas. An aim was set of a single market by 1992.
The act introduced European Political Cooperation, forerunner of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy.
The act was signed at Luxembourg on February 17, 1986, and at The Hague on February 28, 1986.

e)The treaty of Maastricht(1992)

The Maastricht Treaty (formally, the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, It created the European Union and led to the creation of the Euro(€)

f)The Treaty of Amesterdam

The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty, was signed on October 2, 1997, it made substantial changes to the Treaty on European Union.The Amsterdam Treaty meant a greater emphasis on citizenship and the rights of individuals, more democracy in the shape of increased powers for the European Parliament, a new title on employment, a Community area of freedom, security and justice, the beginnings of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the reform of the institutions in the run-up to enlargement.

g)The Treaty of Nice

The Nice Treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. It amended the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty of Rome. The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion, a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty, but failed to be addressed at the time.
The entrance into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time, after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001. This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later.

h)Informations

All this Treaties  entered into force one year later their  signatures .

II)The succesives extensions of EU

The European Union (EU) was originally created by six founding states in 1958, but has grown to its current size of 27 member states. There were six successive enlargements during this period (with the largest occurring on May 1, 2004, when 10 member states joined):- the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark in 1973

                          -Greece in 1981

                          -Spain and Portugal in 1986

                          -Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995

                          -Estovia,Latvia, Lithuania,Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia,Hungary, Slovenia,Malta and Cyprus in 2004

                          -Bulgaria and Romania in 2007
All the extensions were made made by a treaty which must be signed by all the states in the EU, Norway have been refused twice in 1972 and 1994.

G.L.C 1S10

Voir taille réelle  On your left, you can see differents leaders of European countries signing the Treaty of Rome, in the city which gives its name to this essential text in European history, espacially in economic one. In fact, on the 25th March of 1957, after long negotiations, was established the European Economic Community, which is so, a common market, an economic alliance between six countries: these signatory states are France, Deutschland (you can see its leader, Konrad Adenauer), Italy and the three Benelux's members: Belgium, Luxemburg and Netherlands. However, beyond an only economic interest, the treaty of Rome marks an important step in European history, a projection towards the European construction, after the Second World War, which damaged and mutilated the continent, since it is the symbolical birth act of European Union. So, this treaty permited her to give herself a new blow. More, the same day, another treaty was signed and instituted Euratom, the european atomic energy community, in the same aim of a new organization, a new building of this, in those days, weak continent...These treaties came into force the 1st January 1958 and still stay capital so as to understand how Europe knew to reconstruct and to understand the European Union's origin....

It was a brief, but I hope interesting, glimpse about our continent, its history...

The horn of Africa crosses of  serious crisis caused by a drought which threatens about 1,5 miliion chilren of less than five years.

The absence of rains for two years destroyed the harvests,killed livestock and caused the disappearing of sources water.In Somalia, which is the most affected country by drought,where more than 8 million persons are in serious danger following a destructive drought.

this is the real reason to vote OBAMA!!

sarah mbemba s5

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On this photo we can see a very young girl; she seems to be about eight years old, in a textil factory. The little girl is wearing scrubs, presumable factory’s uniform. She is barefooted whereas the floor is covered with scraps. She isn’t moving, she is standing<o:p></o:p>

 upright, sounding like she was frightened. Besides, she doesn’t seem happy since she is not smiling, we can even say that she is sad-looking, perhaps because she is alone, but probably because she has to work. This girl represents the child labour. The photo had been taken in 1908 but this phenomenon began long before and runs on nowadays.<o:p></o:p>

Child labour has increased a lot during the Industrial Revolution, in particular in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region> where the Revolution has begun in 1780’s ies. Indeed children participated at economic activity: the age of beginning of working decreased and the apprenticeships were privileged. This labour force was numerous. The work hours were prolonged during this time, the working time was very long and children worked as much as their parents! Sometimes, they even slept on their workplaces! Moreover they began working very young, from the age of six or eight!<o:p></o:p>

In <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Great Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>, the Industrial Revolution’s cradle, this phenomenon went on about eighty years.<o:p></o:p>

The children’s working conditions were very bad: they had to do the hardest and the most tiresome jobs as in mines and factories. In mines, they worked in the dark, from dawn to evening. The job was hard: they carried coal on their back; they cleaned few accessible parts of machines…<o:p></o:p>

Lots of accidents or crumbling occurred in factories and mines and attracted people’s attention. After in 1833 the Factory Act limited the child labour, and little by little laws have come to an abolition with the compulsory schooling.<o:p></o:p>

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<o:p> </o:p>Nowadays this phenomenon still exists in the occident but it is illegal and no usual.<o:p></o:p>

But it is very present in ecomically developing countries. We can quote examples of children who are soldiers in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Colombia</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Mozambique</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Afghanistan</st1:place></st1:country-region>, Tchad … These children are forced to kill. They are enrolled very early because of poverty or civil wars, but kidnapping is important. There are case of prostitution and pornography as in <st1:city w:st="on">Manila</st1:city>, <st1:city w:st="on">Bombay</st1:city> or <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bangkok</st1:place></st1:city> and in a lot of other countries. Children are kidnapped, sometimes they are less of 5 years old, and they have to prostitute in sexual tourism’s trade.<o:p></o:p>

Children are exploited as workers in factories too: we can talk about forced working and traffics: drug trafficking, arms dealing … <o:p></o:p>

Laws are established and signed, but lots of countries prefer ignore its. <o:p></o:p>

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This phenomenon shocks me hugely. I think it is scandalous to exploit innocent people and harmless children. These jobs prevent children to have a future, to go to school, and sometimes even kill them! Like children who are soldiers, these “jobs” may be very dangerous!<o:p></o:p>

Children are often not paid or just a little and in a lot of cases they are forced to work!<o:p></o:p>

 Charlotte Ducomet 1ere S10